The Short-horned Lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) is a small lizard that lives in North America. More specifically in Saskatchewan and Alberta Canada, through Montana, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and into Mexico through northeastern Sonora, Chihuahua, and Durango. This creature is best known for having one of the weirdest defensive mechanisms among all animals, and that is the ability to shoot blood from its eyes!
Short-horned Lizard Description
It is a highly variable species with individuals exhibiting many differences in color, pattern and size depending on their geographical location. They are flat -bodied, squat lizards with short spines crowning the head. Their length (from snout to vent) ranges from 2 to 5 inches (5-12.5 cm) while their color can be gray, yellowish, or reddish-brown. There are two rows of large dark spots on the back and have a snub-nosed profile and short legs. Their trunk is fringed by one row of pointed scales, while the belly scales are much smoother.
It takes about 1 year for males and 2 years for females to attain sexual maturity. From the currently available data we know that females can live for at least 5 years. How much males can actually live is still unknown.
Short-horned Lizard Behavior
They are arid mountain dwellers with a high cold tolerance, living in altitudes of 170–3440 m (557 – 11286 feet). They are diurnal being mostly active during mid-day and burrowing at night. They are usually found in a wide range of habitats like short grass prairies, sagebrush deserts and juniper, pine or fir forests. The soil in these habitats can be stony or rocky but usually has fine loose soil or sand present
Short-horned Lizard Diet
They are insectivorous, primarily feeding on ants. They simply wait for one to walk nearby before snapping it in and swallowing it. They occasionally also feed on:
Beetles
Caterpillars
Grasshoppers
Spiders
Termites
Wasps
Since females have a greater bulk they tend to eat larger prey items as well as wider size range of prey.
Short-horned Lizard Predators
Despite their spiky nature they have a lot of natural enemies including:
Coyotes
Dogs
Hawks
Other lizards
Roadrunners
Snakes
Wolves
As a first line of defense they rely on their natural camouflage. If this fails they inflate their bodies to twice the original size, resembling a spiny balloon. They will also hiss and point their horns forward.
As a last line of defense they will squirt blood from ducts in the corners of their eyes. Although they do so to confuse would-be predators their blood also contains a chemical that is noxious to dogs, wolves, and coyotes. Their aim is very accurate and can heat targets in a distance of up to 1 meter.
Short-horned Lizard Reproduction
Short-horned lizards are viviparous which means that they give birth to live young. Their mating season is in Spring (May-June) and after a gestation period of about 3 months, females give birth to 5-48 offsprings from July to September. Newborns have an average length of 2.4 cm (almost 1 inch) and a weight of 1 g.
Short-horned Lizard Conservation status
It should be noted that despite not being threatened or endangered their populations have declined during the past decades. Habitat destruction and illegal collection are to be mainly blamed for this.
In the state of South Dakota they are listed as “rare” and in Canada as “vulnerable”.











